k̂ (k hat) is the unit vector for the Z direction.
A 3d vector transformation is the same as a 2D one, but with the extra dimension:
You also multiply 3d matrices the same way. From right to left.
The determinant of a linear transformation is the scaling factor by which it changes any area:
A negative determinant means space gets flipped over.
How to calculate it for 2D:
How to calculate it for 3D:
For a matrix transformation A, the inverse of that is A^-1. And multiplying A by A^-1 (A inverse) is the equivalent of applying no transformation:
This is also called the identity transformation.
I didn't take a lot out of this chapter. I couldn't visualize how this would be useful for me, but I'm sure eventually I'll return here with a new found appreciation.